The Place God Should Tread Lightly - 1816 Words

Luis Acosta Honors English 10 Period 1 April 7, 2017 The Place God Should Tread Lightly Education is a right to all of mankind as the possessing the knowledge of the world, its history, its nature, the various cultures present throughout its areas, and the way man is able to manipulate it for his or hers own benefit is crucial in today s modern society. Yet no matter how many cultural aspects are forgotten or grown out of as the human race advances further, a continuation of human culture remains to be religion and its various scales of its presence in different regions. In the United states, religion is not favored nor looked down upon, but rather, using Enlightenment ideas such as liberty, the country is meant to be religiously†¦show more content†¦There began a massive claim that the people wishing for free religious practice in school have begun to be attacked on the basis of freedom of religion which they view hypocritical as it counteracts freedom of religion and rather is making the people fight for an absolutely secula rized school. Individuals claim that the establishment clause stated within the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights does not prohibit a sort of religious discrimination within public schools; but rather a tool for people to abuse as a means secularizing the country, no matter how constitutionally abiding the practices may seem . Another point that is expressed is the lack of exposure religious children are able to receive outside of home or church which is feared will lead to the children ignoring their religious values (Bender 124). It is this lack of exposure where several individuals derive their concerns and overall aspirations to place religious influence on public education. It is theorized that as time passes the the importance of religion continues to fade, less people are introduced to what is believed to be the ‘good morals’ religion could provide which could have lead to the increase of social issues in young adolescence, such as crime, violence, drug and alcohol abuse, etc. the overall argument is that there is no goal of radicalizing children to one specific religion, rather opening the option to those who do wish to express their religious devotion without having an illShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Emma Watson And Tim Watsons Speech941 Words   |  4 Pagesthe media. Through this, she uses collective pronouns, such as ‘We’ and ‘Your’, as a persuasive tool to applore to the audience that this is a serious matter, and should be dealt with as such. She also used techniques such as persuasive terms like, ‘galvanise’, when addressing the issue of men and boys, on the basis of that more males should support the campaign, and feminism itself. ‘Galvanise’ is a good influential term to use, as it means to stimulate or to motivate, implying that she requires moreRead MoreTherapy Vs Crisis Intervention1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthe children and place them in the home of a relative or foste r care. The mother would then be assessed, given a treatment plan, and provided a care plan by a psychotherapist to try, at the very least, to establish visitations as soon as possible. (This would aid in to minimizing further abandonment trauma to the children.) Psychotherapy in this case, would be the long-term goal of how to explain to the children that mom is not gone forever but has homework to do. Mom then should be working on herRead MorePersuasive Essay About My Best Friend1938 Words   |  8 Pagesto senior year; class of 2018. Now that she finally got her licence, she has been able to come to my house, almost every day, for a new, grand adventure. But even though I love going on adventures with her, I have told Jackie multiple times that we should stay home, watch a movie, live a quiet life for one night, but it never works. She says we have to spend the rest of our senior year making memories together, not that I mind at all, since we probably will be too busy during college. And being herRead MoreEssay about The Morals and Ethics of Genetic Engineering3310 Words   |  14 Pagesare left to question whether the change brought on by such a discovery bring benefits and positive change, or damage and destruction. Genetic engineering is justified through applied bioethics and despite arguments against its societal implantation, should be fully utilized in efforts to develop into the 21st century. Genetic engineering refers to the technology used to alter and transport genomes and organisms, effectively shaping them to the desire or will of the geneticist. Genetic engineering canRead MoreThe Long Distance Relationship Essay2233 Words   |  9 Pagesteeth, pack bag, good and with time to†¦ oh crap that’s the bus. Run, run, run, run, can’t be late for the bus again. Run, run, run, okay I made it fwewww. Do I have to sit by this kid? Ugg fine. You better not touch me with that finger. I swear to god I will hurt you. Don’t, don’t you. Yeah you better get away from me. Wait is that the school? I thought I bribed that driver to get lost. Oh well I would have ended up here anyway. Okay now how do I get into this line. Let’s just step right in frontRead More Popes An Essay on Criticism4464 Words   |  18 Pagespoem and made it a part of speech: A little Learning is a dangrous Thing (205); To err is Humane; to Forgive, Divine’ (525); `F or Fools rush in where Angels fear to tread (625). And several more. Next to Shakespeare, we may recall, Pope has contributed more to our common language than any other poet. It is a gift not lightly to be dismissed. One primary complaint against the work is that it plagiarized the ancients. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu offered this old-style comment: I admired MrRead MoreGroup Therapy Ethics4493 Words   |  18 Pageslicense. In this case, the member may be resentful that they have to be in the session and cause problems for the group. This can make other group members uncomfortable. The members would not trust each other and meaningful work would not take place due to this. Ethical Issues and Group Therapy 5 In order for a counselor and group to be affective, there needs to be a bond between the group and counselor. This bonding process is easier to achieve when thereRead MoreThe Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Essay3706 Words   |  15 Pagesthat follows the De Leà ³n family, and everything that can go wrong for them does. However, I believe that the fukà º is only a consequence of their actions and a way for them to rationalize their misfortunes. The characters are using fukà º as a crutch in place of taking responsibilities for their own actions. This is because they don’t want to accept the fact that things don’t always go the way they want them to. So they choose to blame the fukà º for making their problems happen. So when fukà º strikes a mongooseRead MoreGlobal Business Cultural Analysis South Korea7932 Words   |  32 Pagesrelates to the major Elements and Dimensions of culture in South Korea. Also, since the dimensions of culture in any nation are many, it is necessary to analyze each category that makes up the Dimensions of one’s culture, these categories have been in place for many years in any given country. If we simply consider the Dimensions of Culture in the United States alone, which range from Religion to our Ethical standards, it would be clear that there are many categories within each of those. Therefore, itRead Moreâ€Å"the Effects of Having Boyfriend/Girlfriend Relationships in the Academic Performance of Selected High School Students of Theresian School of Cavite†5184 Words   |  21 Pages_______________________ Panelist 1 Panelist 2 Panelist 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers want to thank, first of all our Almighty God whom by all means this book was made. Also, we would like to give our heartfelt gratitude to the following people who had helped us to make this study: To our teachers for their advices in order for us to make this study. To our respondents, who

Advantahes and Disadvantages of Public Transport Free Essays

Advantages and disadvantages of public transport This is a website informing towards young people some advantages and disadvantages of public transport. Many of us are in these days use our own vehicles to get to our destination and utilizing it as our ‘daily use’, whereas numbers of public transport are reducing since many people are passing their driving test and buying their own cars. This is leading to pollution in the Earth; hence I will be mentioning some advantages and disadvantages of public transport. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantahes and Disadvantages of Public Transport or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly, I will be talking about the disadvantages of it. Disadvantages Delay Public Transport causes some passengers to wait at the station or at the bus stop, which really wastes a person’s valuable time. It may also lead someone losing their job. If there’s bad weather i. e. snow, rain etc, then a person can’t get any heating system in the bus stop nor can he get it in the train station. This can be another reason for falling into a serious illness of someone. In this case any children or any other adult person will lose out on something which is really essential. Safety/Security One of the disadvantages of public transport is that they do not check a person’s bag or properties if there’s any dangerous property, like the way it gets done in the airport. Therefore, public transport gives everyone the opportunity to ride in it safely. Therefore, there could be any terrorist attack or hustling if someone uses the public transport, due to that number of people die this includes children as well. Many people return to their destination and they end up losing their property. This situation everyone faces, especially when there’s people are packed inside the bus or train. Comfort/Hygiene/Cleanliness Public transport doesn’t make anyone feel comfortable nor does it make anyone feel hygienic. This causes because of those people who smokes, stays dirty and like to vandalise those items due to these it put up a bad image on public transport. Not everyone abide by these rules and it makes other people influenced when they see a person doing those bad actions. Only one or two of us decide to take action upon it, whereas the others don’t really care since they are riding it only for temporary time. It’s more likely for a person to get seriously ill, because of the condition of a bus, train and trams etc. Most of the time you see the bus or the train is littered with rubbish, alcohol bottles which is not very nice to see. Privacy In public transport there isn’t privacy to occupy yourself in: – reading books, sleeping, doing your work etc. There are a lots of time you can get find someone who is really irritating. Unlike if you have your own car then you can get whoever you want and reject the unwanted passenger. Nevertheless, when using public transport so many people huddle around and try to steal one’s property. This makes it really uncomfortable for the one to use the public transport, due to the lack of privacy. Whereas, in your own car there are no crowds or nothing which will irritate you, but instead you can occupy yourself in some of your own activities. Embarkation Point Additionally, if a person desires to use public transport then he has to go to a specific embarkation point. An embarkation point is where the buses, trains etc leave from. This could be a great hassle for a person who has a lot of luggage to carry, and it might also make someone miss their bus or train. This can cause a lot of problem for a person’s study or work. The vehicle won’t start whenever you want it; there are specific timetable for their departures. Sometimes the vehicle stops at a different embarkation point or at the wrong embarkation point due to some road works. This is the main cause of people who are losing out in their works. Advantages Safety Public transport tries as much as possible to provide their best services for the public. They have provided safety and security for the passengers, by putting: – CCTV cameras, fire alarms, fire extinguishers etc. ost of the time crime takes place and it causes the public to avoid using it. Unlike one’s own car there is no safety, and a driver would only keep some spare tyres and tools only for his car. Time saving Public transport allows you to be punctual by knowing its specific timetable. This can cause you to be on time for catching up on your ‘essential needs’. There are other tran sports which don’t have to stop themselves in the traffic due to them having some specific routes e. g. train, trams. This makes it really effective, as well as time saving. They run at the speed of 150m/h. In the same way the buses have some specific routes to run on. Unlike, if a person owns his own car then he has to wait for the traffic, and it can cause a lot of problem. Conclusion In conclusion, I think that public transport is really ideal for the whole of the public. By looking at its advantages, it shows the how can a person can attain benefit out of it. Therefore, I recommend that all public should start to use public transports as it can bring a lot of benefits to us and the Earth. It also reduces the amount of pollution the Earth is facing. How to cite Advantahes and Disadvantages of Public Transport, Essay examples

Business Law Study

Question: Discuss about the Business Law Study ? Answer : Introduction Legal opinions are very important as they set the stage for a vigorous legal battle. It explores different options an aggrieved party can follow to receive redress on any question of law. The format of writing legal opinions varies from case to case. In this paper however, the opinion has been discussed using the ILAC format. The issues in this scenario is whether Brad acted beyond his powers as an agent when he ordered 30,000 litres of fuel from Caltex in total disregard of Tinas express instructions and whether there was breach of contract by Tina on refusing to accept delivery of fuel from Caltex. Law An agency relationship describes situations where a party known as the principal gives another party called the agent the authority to deal on the principals behalf with third parties. For an agency contract to arise, the principal should have the capacity to contract. The actions of an agent bind the principal so long as the agency is still in force. The agent has a limitation on the range of duties he or she can perform. The agency agreement is limited to the express instructions of the principal. Where an agent act outside his or her powers, it is said that he has acted ultravires and those contracts entered into outside his powers do not bind the Principal. The agent has the authority to act for the benefit of the principal. He or she should not carry himself as the principal in any transaction. He has the duty to account to the principal on all the profits he or she makes during the course of the agency. An agent is also required to employ the use of reasonable care and skill in the performance of the delegated duties. He should not act so negligently so as to expose the principal to unnecessary legal action. In the case of Collen v Wright (1857) 8 E B 647, the agent was held liable for purporting to enter into a contract with a third party though he had no authority to do so. The agency agreement is terminated by the principal at any time or when the duty to be done under the Agency agreement has been accomplished. It also comes to an end when the agent resigns. Analysis There is an oral agency agreement between Tina and Brad. The agency arises when Tina contracts Glandular fever and appoints Brad to order fuel while she is way. Brad carries his instructions as directed and orders fuel from Caltex after every fortnight. However, when Tina returns, the principal-agent relationship ceases to exist at that time he is informed by Tina that normal operations would resume and he will no longer order fuel from Caltex. This is a case of termination of an agency agreement by the principal. In disregard of the express instructions, he goes ahead and orders 30,000 litres of fuel from Caltex which Tina refused to pay. At this point, the agency agreement no longer exists as it has been terminated by the principal. Tina and Brad had an agency agreement which was to subsist when Tina was away through sickness. Tina is no longer sick and has resumed her duties as a sole trader. She terminates the agency agreement between her and Brad. By Brad ordering fuel from Caltex, he is acting on his own capacity and not as an agent. He is therefore personally liable. There is no breach of contract on the part of Tina. Caltex are therefore free to pursue a claim for damages and breach of contract from Brad. The issue in this scenario is whether there is an agency relationship between Tina and Paul and if so, whether Paul breached any of his duties as an agent especially the duty to account or the duty to act in good faith. The law of agency imposes duties on the agent. The agent acts on behalf of the principal and therefore there are duties attached to that kind of relationship that should not be breached. An agent is a person with authority to act on behalf of another, the principal in a transaction involving third parties. The duties imposed on agent are fiduciary in nature. The agent is in a position of trust giving rise to duties to the principal. The agent is required to act in the best interest of the principal in every transaction he is involved in. this duty requires the agent to use his knowledge and skill and diligently negotiate with the third party on terms that are to the advantage of the principal. An agent would be in breach of this duty when he contracts in a manner that benefits him and not the client. In the case of McPherson v Watt (1877) 3 App Case 254, the principals wished to dispose a property and wanted to put an advert to that effect. The solicitor informed them that he was capable of finding a buyer. The solicitor then arranged for his brother to put a bid for the property. He bought it and later conveyed it to the solicitor. The principals discovered what had transpired, they sued their agent, the solicitor and the transaction was set aside because the agent was found to have acted in bad faith. Common law also prohibits an agent from making profits or to acquire a benefit out of the agency relationship without the consent or knowledge of the principal. The profit is known as secret profit and is not limited to money only but also includes anything that has value. Where an agent makes a secret profit, he is supposed to account to the principal for the said profit and any other remedy that accrue from breach of the duty of an agent. In the case of Reiger v Campbell Stuart (1939) 3 All ER 235, a principal sought to purchase a property. He asked one of his agents to find a suitable one. The agent found a property for worth $ 2000. He never informed the principal about the property but arranged to buy it himself through his brother. He later sold the same property to the principal for $ 5000.the principal on learning of what transpired, he sought to recover the secret profit made by the agent and he was successful. Paul has been employed because of the experience he has in the business of motor vehicle sales. That special knowledge he possesses gives Tina a reason to trust him such that she entrust him with the business in the yard. He is Tinas agent for that matter. Paul has learnt that his next door neighbour is in need of purchasing one of the vehicles in the yard for a price higher that the declared price. Paul is aware of this and misrepresents to Tina that he himself is in need of the same van. He then sells it at a profit which he does not disclose to Tina. That is a secret profit made in disregard of the fiduciary duties he owes to the Principal. Paul as agent with special knowledge entrusted with the duty to act on behalf of Tina disregards the fiduciary duties he owes the principle. He did not act in good faith when he presented himself to buy one of the vans in the yard just to sell it to a third party at a profit. He therefore did not act in good faith and in the process, made secret profits. He is therefore liable to account for the secret profits made as well as any other remedy resulting from breach of the duty he owed to the principal. A partnership refers to an association between two or more persons who contribute money in order to conduct a business for profit. A partnership is not a separate legal entity. The partnership and the partners are not separate. A partnership shares both profits and losses incurred. The issue in this case is a determination whether xyz acted beyond his powers and if so whether the partnership is liable or bound by actions of another partner acting ultra vires. A partnership is considered as a special type of Agency relationship. This is because a partner acts on behalf and for the benefit of the partnership. It was held in the case of Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd (1911) 13 CLR 1 at 11 that when agents contract, they do so on behalf of another. They act as agents. A partnership is said to exist where there are two or more persons who carry out business in common with a view of making profits. The business must be carried out by or on behalf of the partners. Where the partnership agreement clearly states the extent of transaction that a partner can engage in on behalf of the partnership, the said partner should abide by the express agreements. A partner acts or is in a fiduciary relationship with the partnership. He should act therefore in the interest of the partnership. For a transaction to bind the partners or the partnership; Partners can only be bound to any transaction made with a third party when the person making such transaction is a partner. If the transaction is made by another person apart from the partner, the other parties do not owe any liability. This is a question of fact. A partner should not enter into a transaction for the provision of goods and services outside the business of the partnership. In the case of Polkinghorne v Holland (1934) 51 CLR 143, the plaintiff, a client to a law firm consisting of three solicitors. The client received professional legal advice from one of the partners about an investment venture in which the partner had developed some interest. The investment failed terribly, prompting the Plaintiff to bring an action for damages. The court had to determine whether the remaining partners could be held liable. The main issue was whether the two innocent partners were liable for her loss. The court found for the plaintiff because giving of legal opinion was in the course of duty and therefore he acted on behalf of the partnership Partners owe each other fiduciary duty which include; The duty to act in good faith To account for all the information and assets in the custody of a partner To avoid conflict of interest the duty to account for any profits This is a partnership business consisting of four persons carrying on a common business with the expectation of making profits. Thy have a partnership deed which sets the agreement between them. Quite notable is the set value above which any partner should not exceed in contract negotiation with third parties. However, Simon enters into a contract to purchase a 500TB storage device costing $120000 in disregard of the set $ 100000. He orders for a used ute, for $ 9000 though the partnership had not shifted to another form of business. The remaining three partners are confused as to the suit. A close examination of the case brings out the acts by Simon to be outside the partnership agreement. Conclusion The four persons are partners carrying on a common business with the view of making a profit. However, one of the partners has engage in two different transactions that have gone beyond his powers as contained in the partnership agreement.. He acted ultra vires. The other partners are within their right to refuse delivery and therefore, Simon is individually liable to pay damages from his own account since the remaining partners were never involved. References Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations law in Australia. Sydney: Federation Press. Duncan, W. D. (2012). Joint ventures law in Australia. Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations law in Australia. Sydney: Federation Press. Gillies, P. (2004). Business law. Sydney: Federation Press Burton, G. (1991). Australian financial transactions law. Sydney: Butterworths Fletcher, K. L., Fletcher, K. L. (2007). The law of partnership in Australia. Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. Fletcher, K. L., Higgins, P. F. P. (2007). Higgins and Fletcher The law of partnership in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Law Book Co Carter, J. W. (2012). Cases and materials on contract law in Australia. Chatswood, N.S.W: LexisNexis Butterworths Graw, S. (2008). An introduction to the law of contract. Sydney: Lawbook Co Atiyah, P. S. (2011). An introduction to the law of contract. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Paterson, J. M., Robertson, A., Duke, A., Heffey, P. G. (2012). Principles of contract law. Pyrmont, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Furmston, M. P., Cheshire, G. C., Fifoot, C. H. S. (2012). Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's law of contract. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press Pittard, M. J., Naughton, R. (2014). Australian labour and employment law. Oxford: Clarendon Press Sykes, E. I., Yerbury, D. (1980). Labour law in Australia: Volume 1. Individual aspects. Sydney: Butterworths Sappideen, C., Macken, J. J. (2011). Macken's law of employment. Rozelle, N.S.W: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Owens, R. J., Riley, J., Murray, J. (2011). The law of work, Sydney: Butterwort

Jueteng free essay sample

The players numbers and bets are gathered by the kubrador (sort of collecting agent) and forwarded to what we call kabo or bangka. Two number winning combinations are determined by a raffle from two sets of 37 numbered balls. The amount of winnings will depend on the amount of the bet. The higher the bet, the higher the winning. Also, players use strategies in placing bets, where a 3-peso bet could win differently depending on the style of bet. On the other hand, kubrador gets a sort of commission from the winnings, plus incentives (not compulsory) from the winning players. So, in short, it serves as a source of livelihood for them. But why is jueteng illegal and yet PCSO Lotto and Pagcor Casinos are not?The two also are numbers games; there are players and winnings on the pot. One common reason given by those who opposed the legalization of jueteng is that the lower class of community tends to depend on luck (chance of winning) in jueteng. We will write a custom essay sample on Jueteng or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, those who opposed jueteng want to cut or even stop the bribe being given by gambling lords to police enforcers, politicians and others. Legalizing Jueteng in our country doesn’t affect the whole country. Let the people be responsible for dealing with their lives. Let no one dictate what is good or bad for ones life. Let people decide where to spend their money and learn from their bad decisions, in case they lose. Second, only police enforcers and politicians are benefitting from it. There are many issues of bribery that even went up to the Office of the President, as in the case of  former president Joseph Estrada  that eventually led to his guilty verdict on his plunder case. If there are legal numbers games, why not jueteng? Why not let the government and the people benefit from it and not those corrupt politicians and law enforcers receiving the blood money?Admittedly, jueteng is very popular with both rich and poor people and I think legalizing it will benefit the people and the government in a way. http://sharedreviews. com/article/to-legalize-jueteng-or-not-in-the-philippine s Lot of Filipinos is putting their everyday living in LUCK. Even there are only few chances in winning but then if Jueteng will be legalized lots of politicians, police and others will Jueteng is a numbers game played in the Philippines that is surrounded by controversy because despite its illegal status, it is widely played in the country. Jueteng comes from the Chinese words â€Å"hue† meaning flower and â€Å"teng† meaning bet. It is played by Filipinos of all classes, and operated through an elaborate network of agents and gambling lords. In Jueteng, 2 sets of balls numbered 1 to 37 are combined and then two numbers are drawn. Whoever has the winning combination wins, and gets a payout of 1:800. In a country where poverty is rampant, many rely on gambling for a quick buck, especially since the minimum bet on Jueteng is virtually close to nothing that everyone can afford to place a bet. In a household, a jueteng agent or collector can even encourage school age kids to place a wager.Many politicians and police are under the jueteng payola, or jueteng payoff. These are payment made to those in authority in order to turn a blind eye on jueteng. Former President Joseph Estrada was ousted because of the jueteng scandal, as exposed by Governor Chavit Singson who is a jueteng proponent himself, over a squabble on jueteng payoff. The next president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is also believed to have received millions in jueteng money. Among those also suspected on the jueteng payee list are Local Undersecretary Rico E. Puno, and Philippine National Police Director General Jesus Versoza.Massive corruption and shameless misuse of power are among the reasons why the Philippines is considered one of the most corrupt countries in the world, coupled with being still a generally poor nation. http://www. qwhatis. com/what-is-jueteng/ , which covers provinces in Central Luzon, has earned the reputation of being the illegal gambling capital of the Philippines due to the proliferation of various forms of illegal numbers games there, including jueteng. In his column Dead Shot, veteran journalist Erwin Tulfo said that while so much â€Å"muck has been hurled against PNP Region VI-A Regional director Chief

Free Essays on Amendments

Amendment I (1791) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II (1791) A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III (1791) No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendment IV (1791) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V (1791) No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Amendment VI (1791) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with... Free Essays on Amendments Free Essays on Amendments Amendment I (1791) Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II (1791) A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III (1791) No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendment IV (1791) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V (1791) No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Amendment VI (1791) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with...

An Effect On Economic Activities Economics Essay

An Effect On Economic Activities Economics Essay As a increase in general price level and therefore a fall in the value of money inflation is a normal level of prices of goods and services lack of time. inflation is use to to refer to a raise in the price of normal level as a goods and services,it affects some specific goods and services as in commodities inflation its increase journal level of time. the major type of inflation is inflation affecting a common man, because of this create a problem due to inflation. when the supply supply and demand goes out of control ,consumer should change their buying habits for manufacture to short production in 2007 in USA could best illustrate the effects of inflation housing prices demand is increase continuously from 2002 onword,it comes result in a dramatic decrease in demand. Inflation will be clear a major problem in economy if the demand is increases bt supply of goods is constant, because if there is a lot of customer but very few suppliers then supplier can’t do anything, becau se the income is increase but deliver of the goods is constant, in market place the producer would not be able to control the cost of raw material and labor also. if this is happen it result comes with less profit or in some extreme case no profit ,it should come to out of business, the manufacture would not have an incentive to invest in new equipment and lack of technology. Uncertainty force people to withdraw money from the bank and change it into product with bigger lasting value like gold.the inflation causes lead the country lower economic growth, from the year 1950-1960 the average was at 2.00% inflation, between 1960-1970 the average was 7.2%,in 1970-1980 the average was 8.5%.there are lots of monetary measures like credit control, demonetization of currency, issue of new currency, reduction in unnecessary expenditure,increae in taxes, increase in savings ,surplus budgets, public debt. these are the monetary measures. There ae some fiscal measures like,to increase production ,rational wage policy,prie control,rationing.there are so many tyes of economic crises ,in economy there is a inflation affected to Indian economy so when the global food trade systems stop delivering and the meager pay the price,for several years the global trade in tack foods has been heading towards a catastroph CAUSES:- In Indian economy the inflation have been bombarded comment, the causes of inflation is demand for goods, the economy us can make the largest contribution to prosperity and political stability by restoring the helth of the us t,in inflation income is increase bt no supply is increase because of lack of transperncy in inflation.so supplier cant give the satisfaction of goods,so mainly this is called inflation. There are so many factor influencing the inflation,the inflation import raises ,in the inflation rise in the labour cost ,it also effect indiscriminate lending by fund flush banks ,there are co-relation between inflation and gold price,people like marc Faber are habitually on air and cyber waves ,tout the idea that since central banks are inflating money supply. to investment in gold to defend yourself against inflation. we are already known that everybody is thinking the similar things and performing, in the same behavior, rationalizations are but excuse for all types of insanity but even so how strong is the affiliation between gold and inflation anyway hedge against inflation. one can make a commonsense case level that gold is a play against inflation due to partial supply, that is indeed the main basis of the squabble of many people in the financial. but we at fore trader decide to do away with groundless assumption for moment. By collecting the data cross-correlation between oil,gold,and inflation over a 30 years time, starting in 1980,and triumph to our day,the some of people surprising conclusion.

Mesopotamia Creation Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mesopotamia Creation Stories - Essay Example This is because a text's genre serves to channel writers and readers by providing a common ground to determine the production and interpretation of specific texts. Biblical and Mesopotamian creation stories are linguistically, culturally, and historically very different from modern day ways of thinking, experiencing and interpreting the world. So as to correctly as possible interpret the writings of Genesis it is necessary to school oneself in other Near Eastern creation stories. The present paper will compare and contrast Mesopotamian creation stories with that of the Bible. Firstly, the creation story, "Epic of Creation" will be used to develop the Mesopotamian interpretation of how the cosmos and humankind came to be. Secondly, the Biblical interpretation of creation of this universe and humans will be presented. Next, issues of translation will be addressed. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesize the main arguments of the paper, and demonstrate the critical need for comparative analysis of creation stories in the Near East. The Mesopotamian myth of creation is quite violent, especially with regard to later civilizations, such as Egypt, and the later Biblical Creation Story. ... In turn these serpents produced Anshar, the heavens, and Kishar, the earthly world. And from these two came the great gods, Anu, Enlil, and Ea, as well as the other gods of the sky, earth, and the underworld. Many of these new gods were noisy, which upset Apsu and Tiamat, since they could not rest. These primordial goddesses then discussed whether they should annihilate their progeny. When Ea, the all-knowing, learned of Apsu's plan to destroy the gods he used his magic to capture her and Mummu. Tiamat was furious and created a monstrous army of gods and freak creatures to punish Ea and his cohorts. Ea went to his father Anshar, and Anshar advised him to send Anu to fight Tiamat. But both Anu and Ea were afraid of the goddess and her army. Then Ea called Marduk forth. Marduk promised to conquer Tiamat if he were given supreme authority over the gods. The gods agreed that he was to have lordship scepter, the throne, and an invincible weapon. Armed with bow and arrows, lightning, the winds, a hurricane, and a special net, Marduk rode forth to meet Tiamat in his chariot, which was a tempest, drawn by four fearsome steeds. They clashed and Marduk caught Tiamat in his net. When she opened her mouth to swallow him, Marduk let loose the hurricane, which filled her jaws and belly, thereby stunning her. The Marduk shot an arrow into her belly and killed her. Tiamat's army fled in confusion at her downfall, but Marduk caught them in his net, chained them, and cast them into the underworld. As he was cutting up Tiamat's body, Marduk conceived a plan. From one half he made the dome of the heavens, and with the other half he made the earth. He

NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example ject is dependent on the markets expectations and changing preferences, to introduce a new idea, the company should look at time as a scarce resource. What the new product development manager can do is to look at the whole process and see what to cut down without compromising the quality of the product. For instance, if the new product entails smaller risk, the test marketing can be done on a smaller and shorter scale so as to cut down on time to deliver the product to the market without cutting down on the value that will be provided to the consumer. Also, the new product development manager can utilize simultaneous product development which utilized cross-functional planning. This will cut down on the time it takes to pass on from one process to another because all the involved functions will be part of the planning process. The new product development manager can significantly cut down on time it takes from idea generation to launching the product to the market. For new product development, financial budget is one of the crucial factors that can determine the success of a new project. As new projects in terms of overall research throughout the process can be costly, not enough budget is one of the challenges that a new product development manager can experience. It is very usual that the whole project has an initial budget as included by the company. However, since these are new projects that are supported by new technology, those budgets are usually the best estimates of those who are involved. Midway through the project, the new product development manager will learn that the costs are significantly different from the estimates, and that the budget that has initially been set, usually by the top management is insufficient. Due to certain management policies and corporate politics, revision and application for a new budget to be approved is usually a problem. Thus, a new product manager could be left with what was initially planned, and decide to pursue or

Reflection on Global Operation Management Essay Example for Free

Reflection on Global Operation Management Essay Pietra Rivoli who is an associate professor in the Georgetown University, specializes in finance and social issues, and is the author of the book, ‘The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy’. The main reason which instigated Rivoli to write this book, was a speech a student had given at the Georgetown University, the student was severely criticizing globalization, and asking about who made the T-shirts they were wearing. She told some facts about child labor in India and Vietnam, which made everybody, sit up and think, including Rivoli. Rivoli then starts on a journey to find out some interesting facts about the origin of the T-shirt. Her case study starts in Texas at the home of Nelson Reinch, who produces enough cotton for more than 1.3 million T-shirts. Reinch and his colleagues control the whole world market of cotton, through hard work, determination, modern technology and much needed discounts from the government. Reinch was no where in comparison to the poor farmers in India and Africa, who did not have proper funds or government support in marketing their goods. Rivoli’s next stop was China, were she met a young woman Yuang Zhi, who spun the yarn for the fabric and sewed the shirt. This young lady worked for 50 hours a week, and earned nearly $150 per month. This woman’s working conditions were far better than the conditions in which women had to work previously in Manchester and England. This was probably the woman’s first encounter with independence and identity, which came in the form a paycheck, even though it was a small amount.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important point which was very surprising was that, throughout the world there must be millions of people who manufacture cotton, but the manufacturers from Texas were totally dominating the cotton industry, because of their shrewd manner by which they manage to avoid competition. These manufacturers manage to control the market by avoiding the labor market, which make the other manufacturers unable to compete with them due to no government and political assistance, lack of proper education and money. People who support globalization vow by the free trade of clothes, as it can be used to the advantage of the poorer countries. Rivoli was surprised to find that how recycled clothes from the USA were a rage in Tanzania. Used clothes from America get imported in huge quantities to Tanzania. Tanzania is a small country which was slowly proceeding towards a more liberal capitalist system from the socialist model. People are able to freely take part in the daily auctions of the clothes at the market place, and merchants are also making a mark for themselves in the cutthroat markets as consumers or retailers. Rivoli feels that free trade should be encouraged without any government or political interference in the markets. According to the author, United States is on the top of the market whereas Africa is at the bottom; she feels that USA will have a better chance to make progress economically if they give a reasonable chance of competition to other poorer countries. Tanzania is a proper example of how a free market should work, and these markets are extremely professional, but do not get acknowledged, because of the low capital raised through such markets, which is not significant. Two of the most important principles which need to be followed are that, government and political interference should not be there in any market. Another point is that the subsidy which US government gives the cotton manufacturers is indirectly harming other poorer countries. Rich people are becoming wealthier and the poor are becoming poorer. If the subsidies are reduced, the price of cotton can be increased, which would be beneficial to other poorer markets. Another important point which is a shock is that the clothes that people donate, are not given away freely to poor people, but are sold to middlemen for huge profits, which later land in the streets of   the Tanzania marketplace. Some of the most important principles which can be followed by other industries also are that free market in any trade should be encouraged, and people should have the power to voice their demands, meaning a free democracy should be prevalent to achieve a fruitful society. Government should support free trade in any industry, and should provide the necessary platform in the form of proper education and capital to help the markets grow. Some of the other reasons for the trouble that African industries are facing are the lack of proper authority, which is due to no proper education, corruption and insecurity. The author Rivoli made a very good job of the book, she was successful in exposing the secrets and complications of the cotton trade globally.   Her views on free trade and liberal democracy are very interesting, and should be followed by the authorities of the poorer countries for a better society. On the whole she succeeded in voicing her thoughts and opinions on the recycle market in Tanzania, and hopefully, their government will provide a strong platform for such global trades. References Kris Hundley, What a T-shirt Teaches Series., St Petersburg Times, 4 October 2007, http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/819871301.html?MAC=02bf1feb f29a46475f850792f7bc0fa9did=819871301FMT=FTFMTS=FTdate=author=pu b=printformat=1desc=What+a+T-shirt+teaches+Series%3A+BOOKS. Lauren Dorsey, Lauren Barbieri, Zack Thomas, ‘The Travelers of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, by Pietra Rivoli’, 4 October 2007, http://www-learning.berkeley.edu/cipolat/PDF/ISF100E/Student%20Summaries/Rivoli.pdf.

African American Response to Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe :: Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

African American Response to Uncle Tom's Cabin       Many African American 19th Century critics saw Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin as a ray of hope and a means out of oppression. Critics praised the dialogue, the interjected sentimental stories, as well as the characterization. In fact, many considered the novel to be a gift from God. Uncle Tom's Cabin was the only popularized writing at the time that touched upon slavery as negative. The novel was popular in general but more importantly to African Americans. However, the response to the book was limited considering the scarcity of African American newspapers and writers. Much of the African American population at the time was held down by slavery, illiteracy, and/or a lack of places to publish.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the few venues for African American reaction was Frederick Douglass' Paper. William G. Allen, a free black teacher, comments on a particular scene of dialogue in Uncle Tom's Cabin in his letter to this publication: "The religious conversation between the slave-tenders . . . is a capital thing . . . . How it tells upon the miserable spittle-licking religionists of the present day, who, as Tom Stoker has it, are running up a bill all their lives with the devil, calculating to sneak out when pay time comes" (Allen). This discussion between Tom Stoker, Mr. Marks, and Mr. Haley is about whether the slave trade is a Christian business. Mr Haley says, "I b'lieve in religion, and one of these days, when I've got matters tight and snug, I calculates to tend to my soul and them ar matters; and so what's the use of doin' any more wickedness than 's re'lly necessary?--it don't seem to me it's 't all prudent" (Stowe 57). Tom Stoker replies that Mr. Haley is just trying to do evil things all his life with slavery, only to sneak out in the end and go to heaven. William G. Allen, in reference to this scene, commends Stowe's comparison and the relationship between Christianity and slavery.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allen also praises the touching story of the Quadroon girl in Volume II, Chapter XXXIV. He writes, "The story of the Quadroon girl . . . exceeds anything that I have ever read, in all that is soul-searching and thrilling" (Allen). In the story of Cassy, the Quadroon girl, she helps nurse Uncle Tom back to health after having been beaten and tells him that there is no God. African American Response to Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe :: Uncle Tom's Cabin Essays African American Response to Uncle Tom's Cabin       Many African American 19th Century critics saw Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin as a ray of hope and a means out of oppression. Critics praised the dialogue, the interjected sentimental stories, as well as the characterization. In fact, many considered the novel to be a gift from God. Uncle Tom's Cabin was the only popularized writing at the time that touched upon slavery as negative. The novel was popular in general but more importantly to African Americans. However, the response to the book was limited considering the scarcity of African American newspapers and writers. Much of the African American population at the time was held down by slavery, illiteracy, and/or a lack of places to publish.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the few venues for African American reaction was Frederick Douglass' Paper. William G. Allen, a free black teacher, comments on a particular scene of dialogue in Uncle Tom's Cabin in his letter to this publication: "The religious conversation between the slave-tenders . . . is a capital thing . . . . How it tells upon the miserable spittle-licking religionists of the present day, who, as Tom Stoker has it, are running up a bill all their lives with the devil, calculating to sneak out when pay time comes" (Allen). This discussion between Tom Stoker, Mr. Marks, and Mr. Haley is about whether the slave trade is a Christian business. Mr Haley says, "I b'lieve in religion, and one of these days, when I've got matters tight and snug, I calculates to tend to my soul and them ar matters; and so what's the use of doin' any more wickedness than 's re'lly necessary?--it don't seem to me it's 't all prudent" (Stowe 57). Tom Stoker replies that Mr. Haley is just trying to do evil things all his life with slavery, only to sneak out in the end and go to heaven. William G. Allen, in reference to this scene, commends Stowe's comparison and the relationship between Christianity and slavery.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allen also praises the touching story of the Quadroon girl in Volume II, Chapter XXXIV. He writes, "The story of the Quadroon girl . . . exceeds anything that I have ever read, in all that is soul-searching and thrilling" (Allen). In the story of Cassy, the Quadroon girl, she helps nurse Uncle Tom back to health after having been beaten and tells him that there is no God.

Instructional strategies & approaches 2 Essay

According to Barbara Gross Davis, author of Tools for Teaching (1993), students learn best when they participate actively in the process. A lot of research has been made on collaborative learning, or learning in groups, and it has been proven that no matter the subject matter, students learn more this way. Working in groups help students learn and retain more about what is taught to them than when they are taught using other means. Davis enumerates three general types of group work. The first type is informal learning groups. These groups aren’t permanent and may be done in a single session. An example of this is asking the students to turn to their seatmate and discuss a particular question. In any case, this kind of grouping may be done in a class of any size at any time to check the level of understanding of the students, give them a way to apply what they have learned or to have a change in the learning pace. The second type is formal learning groups, which can be organized to do specific tasks like writing a report, doing a lab experiment or making a project. The tasks can be completed in one session or over a few weeks, until the students have finished the activity and are given a grade. The last type of group is a study team. Such groups are usually long-term, like a whole semester or course, and have permament members wherein each member is responsible for helping each other to complete course requirements and assignments and to provide support and encouragement. A student with a study team can ask his teammates to update him on classes or activities he might have missed. Study teams are valuable in courses that have a large class size and a complex topic. With that in mind, it is then appropriate to inquire as to how to group these students so that they would learn the most. Davis cites examples on how one could group the students: the teacher can assign randomly so that a mix of different students are in one group; the teacher can let the students choose their groupmates; the teacher, himself, forms the groups taking into account the students’ differences; or the teacher asks the students first on their preferences and then makes assignments. Whichever the case, Davis argues that these types of grouping have their own advantages and disadvantages and can be used depending on circumstance. After all, the teacher cannot assume that just because the students have been grouped and asked to work cooperatively, that they would actually do so. It should always be remembered that a group is composed of different individuals with different personalities, skills, concerns, temperament, etc. Thus, the teacher should be flexible, yet firm, and always ready to give assistance. In addition to considering the combination of students in a group, its size should also be given equal attention. According to researches done by Cooper (1990), Johnson, Johnson, and Smith (1991) and Smith (1986) as cited by Davis, groups with a maximum of five members would work best since a larger number would decrease the opportunity for the group members to actively participate. They also add that the group size should be smaller if the members are less skillful and time available for the group work is shorter. Furthermore, the level of the task should also be considered. Simple tasks like solving a math problem or planting a seedling would be enough for small groups. On the other hand, complex tasks, such as a chemistry experiment that would require students to research and report, are better done by a bigger group (Knowles, 2005). Of course, students are individuals that have different learning abilities. Some teacher group the class according to these abilities. According to the Westchester Institute for Human Services Research (2002), ability grouping is the practice of dividing students according to their perceived learning capacities. The two most common ways of grouping via ability is within-in class grouping and between-class grouping. The former refers to the division of students with the same abilities into small groups. This is usually seen in Math or Reading classes. Between-class grouping refers to division of students into varying courses or classes according to their achievement. In a nutshell, ability grouping caters to the difference between students. Each group formed with this strategy may be using different materials that are unique and will address their needs. In general, research shows that within-class grouping produces better results than mixed ability grouping. Within-class grouping can promote faster learning since the students are learning with people of the same level and pace. Thus, fast learners can cover more topics without being dragged by the slow learners. On the other hand, as learning progresses it is only appropriate that the task difficulty also increase, and in line with that, the group composition and number. A more difficult task would require a larger group to execute successfully. Thus, if a class was previously divided into smaller groups, the teacher can merge these groups to form a larger group. In relation with this, the teacher should again consider the composition of the groups. Ideally, it is better that the group be as heterogenous as possible but should also contain a fair number of the assets, those with previous relevant coursework or language proficient, and liabilities, those with negative attitudes toward the course or language problems, in a class. Whole group instruction is usually used when introducing a new topic, new materials or new strategies to the whole class. In this way, the teacher can build a common experience between the students which can later be an avenue for further exploration of the topic and improvement in their problem solving and other skills (Valentino, 2000). On the other hand, group or collaborative learning cannot always be used despite its good results. Since topics have to be discussed within a certain timeframe, it is very hard to use collaborative learning often since such strategy really takes a lot of time. Thus, for courses that covers a broad, complex topic, like general chemistry or physics, it is advisable to make the students form a study team. For example, in chemistry, experiments may be done by a whole group. They can perform one experiment and help each other analyze their data and understand what they just did. In such a setting, not only will it minimize the concerns of the teacher, it would also help those students who come to class unprepared. At least, with group mates, there would still be an avenue for them to cope with the lesson. Also, Also, collaborative learning would be beneficial if the class size is large. As mentioned earlier, a heterogenous group is ideal. A teacher would want to distribute those who’ve already understood the topic or are fast learners among those that are still coping or having some difficulty. What the teacher can do, then, is determine the students that could be classified among the two groups. Generally, the teacher can determine the ‘assets’ and ‘liabilities’ by observation, diagnostic tests or group dynamics activity or by asking other teachers and his students. Such a technique would ensure that someone in the group knows what’s happening in class and possibly give assistance to his groupmates. In conclusion, group or collaborative learning is very beneficial to students. However, the success of such activities would depend on the composition and size of the group, as well as the level of learning of the students. The teacher should know when to use this strategy and he should be well prepared, organized and flexible when doing so. References Davis, BG. (1993). Collaborative Learning: Group Work and Study Team. Tools for Teaching.Retrieved August 16, 2007, from http://teaching. berkeley. edu/bgd/collaborative. html Knowles, P. (2005). Thoughts on Student Grouping: Teaching Decisions. Retrieved August 16, 2007, from http://www. netc. org/classrooms@work/classrooms/peter/working/grouping. html Valentino, C. (2000). Flexible Grouping. Retrieved August 31, 2007, from http://www. eduplace. com/science/profdev/articles/valentino. html Westchester Institute for Human Services Research (2002). Ability Grouping. The Balanced View: Research-based information on timely topics. Vol. 6, No. 2.

Speech on Beauty Myths

The great philosopher Confucius once said, ‘everything has beauty, but not everyone sees it’ but why? Why do we not all see the beauty surrounding us? Why is outward appearance so important? Why are our heads filled with beauty myths? Beauty myths are beliefs about qualities, which constitute beauty or attractiveness. We tend to think of our attraction toward certain physical qualities to be natural but they are learnt proven by the conceptions of beauty varying between cultures and across time, with media to blame.As society we assume that images we see in media that are highlighted and common are beautiful such as the tall, skinny, toned, ‘flawless’ models why else would they put them there? If a certain characteristic isn’t common in media then it can’t be beautiful. Media teaches us what beauty supposedly is and closes our eyes to beauty not physically shown. There are 3 main functions of media to provide news and information, entertain and educate. Presently our society depends on the media for information and communication and as part of our daily routine.Most of the decisions we make are based on what we know as fact our assumptions and our experiences such as work where we know what to do because we have studied it and from our own experiences however in routine life and household chores we rely on media to keep us updated on news and facts, on what is important and what we need in order to get through our day and be accepted in society. We put so much trust in media but by doing so are we putting ourselves in harms way? On average a person is exposed to over 1,500 advertisements a day. 1,500 ads we are led to believe are factual and real because we have put so much trust in the media.We start to believe that we need that cream to have flawless skin like that girl in the ad and we need that perfume to be as amazing as the next Marc Jacobs model. But the fact is that 100% of photos in professional magazines have be en retouched whether by changing the lighting in order to improve the quality and definitions of models or even giving a model a whole new head. What we see is not reality. Beauty is something that is looked at differently throughout the world for example if you look at the culture of Australians compared to the cultures of Saharan people there are vast differences in their ideals throughout.Each has it’s own concept of ideal beauty. Some things that come to mind would be weight, fashion, and tone of skin. Though each culture has its own specific parts and body shapes they prefer its like we have been trained to think a certain way from a young age all pertaining to which culture we are apart of. Research shows that some Asian woman after moving to Australia take on body image and dieting not common in their own countries. Media has people changing themselves and their idea of beauty in order to fit in. Not only has the media an effect on beauty across nations but also across time.From corsets to bikinis, from fair skinned and voluptuous to tanned and toned and frightfully frail. Our perception of beauty is learnt and changes due to what we see in the media and shown as fashionable but is media changing this for the better? 20 years ago models weighed 6% less than the average woman now models weigh a huge 23% less than the average woman with only 5% of woman actually able to obtain this weight naturally. How is this positively effecting woman and young girls? Its not. 45% of woman that are a perfectly healthy weight think they are overweight and 20% of woman that are underweight are dieting.Media is killing us with these perceptions of beauty and it’s taking over our minds, our ability to perceive what is right and healthy and the ability to say, â€Å"No, how I am is fine†. Everyone is different. Our idea of perfection and absolute beauty that we learn and which is portrayed in magazines and advertisements is generally unattainable but we still strive to look like these people that only 5% of our society actually look like. This small minority is said to be beautiful by the media leaving the rest of us in shame of how we look because we cant be beautiful if we don’t look like them.Isn’t true beauty found on the inside you could be the most ‘beautiful’ girl in the world according to the beauty media teaches us but if you are the nastiest most wicked girl as well are you still beautiful? We are all thinking no but if you saw this person I bet we would be jealous of her we would want to look like her and be as beautiful as her†¦ that’s disheartening that the most wicked girl can still be classed as ‘beautiful’. This is what media is teaching us about beauty that it is all about the outside and nothing to do with our nature and personality. `Though we are taught what beauty is research has been done to show that humans are attracted to people with more symmetry feature s and that this something that we are born with not that we learn so the media is not solely responsible for beauty myths. Woman being attracted to masculine men is something that goes back to to medieval times where the more masculine the man the more strength and ability to look after and protect a family males are attracted to young woman as they show fertility and as a reproducing species this is important as older woman are unable to conceive.There has been research to show we are born attracted to certain features but majority are still learnt as we grow up in a certain society. Media should portray fact not transform reality so that beauty is categorized. Do this by portraying models realistically, all different shapes and sizes cultures and races so that our perception of beauty isn’t all the same and showing that differences are beautiful and stopping the beauty myth that what we perceive physically attractive and beautiful is not natural it’s learnt.

Why buy when you can build essays

Why buy when you can build essays Computers have revolutionized the world, as we know it. They have been of means of improvement of life from Aeronautics to Zoology (A Z), and a plethora of other fields as well. Computers have been the backbone of technological advancement and organization necessary for this knowledge explosion of the 21st century. However, what do we owe most of the driving force behind the eruption in computer advancement? Would you guess the video game? Thats right the good ole video game. Could you have ever guess that Ataris pong would be a major contributor to the rapid acceleration in computer technology. I began to get into computers in 1995 and paid a sum of $1500.00 for my first custom built PC. If I recall it was a 486 DX2 80 IBM Clone with 16 Megs of Ram, I even splurged with a luxurious 15-inch monitor, all built by a 16 year old high school student. I couldnt believe it but he brought it to my house and set it up and I was off on my journey. I purchased my next pc from the not so beloved Best Buy department store, where the sales reps where quick to tell me that the unit I wished to purchase was fully upgradeable, they failed to tell me however that it was limited to the memory only. All other components were integrated (built onto the motherboard). Realizing that the only way I could know what was going on, was to jump off into this process of building my own system. The purpose of this paper is to inform you that it is possible for you the reader as well. Let me wet your appetite, that in building your own personal computer you can save hundreds of dollars at least that was the case 5 or so years ago. Now companies like Dell and Compaq can offer complete systems for less money. This is what the experts of PC Mechanic have to say: If you go to buy a pre-built PC by HP or Compaq, they are fine. But, keep in mind that, often, PC manufacturers reduce price by using lesser quality parts....

The Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Constitution - Essay Example On this note, Attorney General Janet Reno requested the Supreme Court to review the decision on Fourth Circuit in Reno v. Condon. (Axelrod 158). According to Axelrod, Condon claimed that the act implicated states sovereignty which granted the state all the powers even those not specified in the constitution (211). Condon also claimed that enforcement of the act would be enjoying the nation and its administrators. He therefore concluded the act to be contrary to the federalism principles of power delegation, between states and federal government as stated in the constitution. Reno court on the other hand found Driver’s Privacy Protection Act to be a general law of applicability. Generally applicable laws are laws that apply to both the state and private companies. Reno court concluded that, it was constitutional for the congress to regulate the states’ activities where a generally applicable law was involved. If initially Condon had successfully won in Reno v. Condon, there would be both social and political repercussions. Socially, crime levels would increase in the society in case information such as home address or social security number falls in the wrong hands. For example, a woman whose data had been disclosed by the state to another state but ended in hand of a stalker was murdered. Exposure of personal details would also result to segregation among the individuals on the bases of financial level, race or even education levels. Politically, the politicians may use the information for their own advantage by identifying the weakness of the states at individual level eventually leading to manipulation. The other state may with time have enough data from the subject state to investigate the economic power of the state and end up taking advantage of the situation (Axelrod 245) Likewise, the Supreme Court ruled that Driver’s Privacy Protection Act was constitutional and it did not violate federalism principles under the

Heavy Smoking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Heavy Smoking - Assignment Example This chronic condition makes breathing complicated to the victims or the patients. The forms of COPD can involve either lasting coughing with mucus or damage of the lungs over a given period. Exposure to air pollution and stuffy places like bars and bus stations, especially by the older people, for long hours or years can increase the prevalence of the disease in the body. Although the disease can be diagnosed and preventable by qualified doctors, the causes, prognosis, consequential requirements and social life of the victims might be at risks if not avoided at initial stages. Exposure to harmful fumes Mr. L, a bartender, suffers from the condition because he has been exposed to this situation for 40 years. Firstly, despite Mr. L being a heavy smoker, he also works in a bar where patrons smoke at all the times exposing his health to even greater healthy risks. At age 55, the lungs cannot fight the chronic damage caused through engulfing of the respiratory organs. This is further inf luenced by the air pollution created at the bus terminus by the city buses that he commutes in on a daily basis. The difficulty experienced when he walked past the three blocks is because he used respiratory gases at high rates of breathing, which caused the dilapidated walls of the lung to become narrow. This makes the situation challenging to Mr. L to access enough energy that can enable him walk on the dusty blocks. This, therefore, results from the excess unpurified air that he inhales from the bus terminus through to the dusty blocks and finally the smoke particles consumed from the cigarettes. The combination of the different unpurified gases accumulate in the lungs causing difficulty in breathing and insufficient supply of energy and gases to the heart, which leads to fatigue prompting him to rest (Falvo, 2009). Causes, incidence, and risk factors Smoking is the primary cause of COPD to Mr. L. The further the individual smoked, the more he developed COPD. However, some indivi duals smoke for years and never acquire COPD. In exceptional cases, nonsmokers who are exposed to smoking conditions and lack a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin can also acquire the disease. Additionally, contact to certain combination of gases or fumes in the workplace such as bars and industrial places are risky. Exposure to grave amounts of secondhand smoke and toxic waste also increased the disease. Lastly, recurrent use of cooking fire with no appropriate ventilation makes the gases to cover the room, which the cook will inhale while in that kitchen (Falvo, 2009). Signs and Symptoms COPD condition is indicated by constant cough, with or without mucus, fatigue (that occasioned Mr. L to rest near the three blocks), multiple respiratory illnesses, and shortness of breath (dyspnea) that gets terrible with mild activity or difficulty catching one's gulp of air and panting. The symptoms of COPD develop gradually; some people might not recognize that they are sick. Expectations (pro gnosis) COPD is a lasting (chronic) illness. The infection will get dreadful more rapidly if one does not quit smoking. Victims with severe COPD may be short of breath with nearly all activities and might be hospitalized more regularly. These patients ought to consult qualified doctors about breathing equipment and end-of-life care (Falvo, 2009). Treatment In order for Mr. L to remain in his career, he should adopt preventive measures such as persons with COPD have to stop smoking. This is the finest way to slow down the lung destruction. However, medication alternatives can also be applied to treat COPD, for instance, use of inhalers (bronchodilators) to unlock the airways, such as ipratropium (Atrovent) and albuterol. The patient can also

Tax avoidance,tax evasion,tax mitigiation Essay

Tax avoidance,tax evasion,tax mitigiation - Essay Example Tax avoidance and Tax evasion are two of the most common terms and concepts used and utilized by the taxpayers in escaping from payment of taxes. Learning and understanding these terms will help the taxpayers avoid criminal and civil liabilities. Tax avoidance is a means to escape from taxation, which is allowed and sanctioned by law. A taxpayer committing this will not be legally held civilly or criminally liable to the government provided it is used in good faith and within the process allowed by law, otherwise the taxpayer will be committing tax evasion which is a crime. The utilization of the means and methods sanctioned by law would enable the taxpayer reduce the amount due to be taxed. Example of tax avoidance is when the taxpayer structures his/her any legitimate transaction to save tax and such transaction is what would really appear in form. And this transaction if the taxpayer is the vendee or payee could declare this as deduction. Tax Evasion on the other hand, is reductio n or elimination of tax due by means outside the law. It is illegally committed and punishable by law. A corporation, individual and other entity may resort to means in order to avoid paying the taxes. And the means employed is always dishonest like declaring less or no income, less profits or no gains than the taxpayer actually earned or it could be committed by inflating deductions. For example, a corporation will evade tax by declaring charitable contributions of $ 2.5 million as deduction although what was actually contributed is $.5 million only. The law does not allow this and anyone caught doing this will be held criminally and civilly liable. The difference between tax avoidance and tax evasion is on the tax itself. In tax avoidance, the taxpayer is legally avoiding the payment of any tax liability that is not in existence at the time. Meaning to say, there is no tax due at the moment of transaction and the taxpayer utilized method within the law so that no tax liability wou ld be incurred later or if there is, it would be less. In tax avoidance, there is already a tax due to be paid and the taxpayer resort to illegal means so that it will not be able to pay the owed tax. This type entails concealment or misrepresentation of earnings that are taxable immediately.. Tax mitigation is also similar to tax avoidance. Both resort to means not prohibited by law. Sometimes, these two concepts are used interchangeably. Tax mitigation is known as tax planning to mitigate or reduce tax liability. It is a conduct made to reduce tax liability without conducting tax avoidance or which is contrary to the intention of the Parliament. There are conducts which are allowed for tax mitigation and which are not in the case of tax avoidance. It is important in distinguishing one from the other, especially the two concepts which are tax avoidance and tax evasion because it will help the taxpayer in understanding the consequences of each conduct to reduce tax liability. Since tax avoidance is a criminal offense punishable by law, knowing the distinction would save one from committing this criminal offense while saving money from taxes without breaking the law. It will help taxpayers to arrange their affairs and keep taxes as low as possible. The tax code is confusing not only for average people but also for those knowledgeable professionals. Hence, it is important to define these two concepts so as not to fall into a criminally punishable offense. The Ramsay Principle: My understanding This principle emanated for two cases : W. T. Ramsay Ltd. v. Inland Revenue Commissioners, Eilbeck (Inspector of Taxes) v. Rawling, [1982] A.C. 300 and IRC v. Burmah Oil Co. Ltd., [1982] S.T.C. 30, H.L.(Sc.)decided by the House of Lords in connection with tax payment and schemes resorted to avoid it. In this case, the company in order to lessen the amount of taxes for the transaction of transfer of assets and payment resorted to scheme by drafting sets of documents,

Reflective Commentary Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Reflective Commentary - Coursework Example The mission of Nottingham University Business School is to improve business and management knowledge. It trained us to perform well in national competitions. It offers full time MBA program and executive MBA program. I have been assigned a project to work on an Indian Industry. For this purpose, I have taken help from the professors of Globsyn Business School as it is one of the renowned B-School of India and have the corporate contacts also. Here, I got to know that the new economy environment of the school crafted it one of the most forward thinking B-School in India. With a built on research and technology, innovation, along with distinctive initiatives in the form of Knowledge Connect, Global Connect and Corporate Connect, Globsyn is creating a globally networked, corporate know-how, research driven management education system. It moves further than traditional forms of management knowledge to a research based delivery framework in order to create â€Å"Industry Ready Managersâ €  to work in today’s technology driven business environment. ... The PGDM/MBA programme provides for strong curriculum based learning. The specialisation offered under PGDM/MBA program is marketing, information system, finance and human resources. I also gained Indian MBA experience along with a wide area of study. Analytical method of teaching is taken into consideration rather than descriptive teaching. Quizzes and tests have been conducted on weekly basis. E-learning was also conducted which includes video clips and audio presentation. It also includes teaching through power point presentation. The program has been planned to provide assistance to the students to prepare either for corporate management careers or to pursue academic studies in India or abroad. It also includes contribution towards research and development or joins the academic community. There are many options for us to work in a variety of fields ranging from NGO’s to Government assignments etc. Globsyn Business School gives the option to choose our area of studies and e xcel in our respective domains. Though the first year consists of compulsory papers, we get the choices to cross-skill ourselves and face the competitive business environment. In second year, we can choose our specialisation in our interested area of study. I also came to know that as a part of Global Connect Program, the international faculty member takes classes thereby giving us opportunity to learn new and contemporary management techniques Learning Culture of Nottingham University Business School (Home Country) Nottingham University Business School offers Full-time MBA, Executive MBA, MBA Corporate Social Responsibility, MBA Entrepreneurship, and MBA Finance. The programme is designed to provide us with different skills and knowledge to succeed in

An overview of atrial fibrillation

An overview of atrial fibrillation Section1: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a condition when the heart does not beat to its normal speeds or rhythm, often it beats faster than it should. This irregularity leads to an increased risk of stroke and death. The pump function of the heart deteriorates as a result of the un-coordination (due to uncoordinated excitation of muscles). The net result of impaired pump action is the upper chambers of the heart contract randomly and at times too quick for the heart to relax before it can contract again effectively. At the junction of the pulmonary veins in the left atrial musculature, abnormal impulses fire which override the heart natural pace maker. There are 3 major classifications for AF: Paroxysmal AF- lasts from 30 seconds to 7days Persistent AF- longer the 7days Permanent AF- AF that fails to terminate using cardioversion, or is terminated but relapses within 24hours. If there are no obvious cause and all investigations are normal, this is known as lone AF. Lone AF tends to occur in Paroxysmal cases. Otherwise the most common causes are ischaemic heart disease hypertension mitral stenosis hyperthyroidism Other causes which arent as common are can be classified into 3 sub catagories; Cardiac: Rheumatic heart disease, Sick sinus syndrome, Pre-excitation syndromes (such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) and heart failure. Less commonly, congenital heart disease, atrial myxoma , atrial septal defect, pericardial disease, and cardiomyopathy. Non-cardiac: Drugs (e.g. bronchodilators/thyroxine), Electrolyte depletion infection, Pulmonary embolism, Lung cancer Diabetes. Lifestyle: Obesity, high caffeine or alcohol intake1. A fast pulse (often >140bpm) which may or may not be irregular is the most common symptom of AF however it is also accompanied by tiredness, breathlessness, dizziness, angina1, syncope, reduced exercise tolerance, or polyuria2. The decreased efficacy of the pumping of the heart may result in the reduction of blood pressure. AF is diagnosed by the use of an ECG and is characterised by the absence of consistent P waves and presence of fibrillation. The method of management of suffers of AF has two main strategies, either by the control the arrhythmia aspect of the condition or by the tachycardia side of the condition. Rhythm controlling drugs include flecainide (and other similar drugs), beta-blockers (particularly sotalol), and amiodarone. Rate controlling drugs such as beta-blockers bisoprolol atenolol or the calcium channel blockers verapamil ordiltiazem. Thrombolytic and antiplatelet drugs are also used to manage the thromboembolic risk. There are non pharmacological ways to manage AF, the most common being cardioversion. Aspirin inhibits cycloxygenase from producing thromboxane A2 which is responsible for platelet activation and thus aggregation Diltiazem of use in AF for its affects on calcium channels on the heart. The blocking of calcium channels reduces excitability of cardiac muscle and hence decreasing fibrillations it also decreases the force of contraction Atenolol is a beta receptor blocker(a classII), it decreases the effects of the sympathetic drive to the heart, such that the neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline are competitively blocked. Thus the levels of cAMP decrease. cAMP mediates many events in the heart:decreases stability in resting potentials (phase 4) of nodal tissue(AVN conduction SAN firing). In nodal tissue(myocytes) a decrease in cAMP reduces Ca2+ entry thus action potentials take longer, it also causes repolarisation to longer i.e. increasing the refractory period Amiodarone has all four classes of activity (of Vaughan Williams system MAKE APPENDIX) however its main method of action is its class III mechanism. By the blocking potassium channels the potassium efflux in an action potential is blocked, thus action potentials duration is a prolonged refractory period (causing a region of unidirectional block remain refractory for longer effectively having a bi directional block)3 Verapamil a non selective calcium channel blocker (classIV), by reducing the Ca2+ into the cell through L-type channels in the nodal tissue (SAN AVN) depolarization takes longer as does the refractory period causing slower AVN conduction. Reduces tachycardic impulse from AVN to the ventricles and also AVN re-entrant rhythms. Phase 2 is limited in nodal tissue (myocytes and purkinje fibres) reduces triggered automaticity4. Warfarin inhibits the effective synthesis of biologically active forms of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors: II, VII, IX and X, as well as some regulatory proteins. Flecainide a class1c sodium channel blocker.There is decreased diastolic excitability and Phase 0 (depolarization) takes longer as does the refractory period together causing slower conductions4. Propafenone is a class1c sodium channel blocker.There is decreased diastolic excitability and Phase 0 (depolarization) takes longer as does the refractory period together causing slower conductions4. Digoxin is a K+/Na+ ATPase inhibitor which leads to an increase in the intracellular concentration of sodium this stimulates of sodium-calcium exchange as a result there is an increase in the intracellular concentration of calcium causing stronger less frequent contractions. Cardioversion may be tried in some people with AF. The heart is given a controlled electric shock to try to restore a normal rhythm1. Catheter ablation is a procedure that very carefully destroysthe diseased area of your heart and interrupts abnormal electrical circuits. It is an option if medication has not been effective or tolerated1. A pacemaker may be fitted alternatively to drug treatment when it is not appropriate of failing1. Section 2: AF is the most common rhytm disorder of the heart with up to 500,000 sufferes in the UK1. In the UK over 46,000new cases of AF are diagnosed each year5. The incidences increase with age, with a higher incidence in men, when data is adjusted for age6. AF is uncommon in the young unless there is an existing heart disorder. At 50-59years of age, the prevalence is around 0.5%. At 80-89years of age, the prevalence is around 9%. Section 3: AF is a significantly increases the chance of stroke and emboli. The decision to use antithrombotic therapy involves a complex balancing of risks, benefits, and costs. The probabilities of stroke, bleeding complications, and death; the associated costs of all treatment options and outcomes; and the quality of life associated with treatment and disability. These have shown that warfarin therapy is generally cost-effective and often cost-saving. However, the economic value of antithrombotic therapy in terms of cost-effectiveness is most strongly influenced by 2 factors: stroke risk and perceived quality of life. The cost-effectiveness models indicate that warfarin can be cost-effective or, indeed, cost-saving for a wide variety of patients with AF, provided that it is prescribed appropriately based upon stroke risks7 In patients at high risk of stroke, anticoagulation is most cost effective, but not for those at low risk of stroke8. Aspirin 75mgx28 Â £1.66, Aspirin 300mgx28 Â £0.55, Warfarin 1mgx28 Â £1.10, Warfarin 3mgx28 Â £1.15, Warfarin 5mgx28 Â £1.21, Atenolol 25mgx28 Â £0.82, Diltiazem MR 60 mgx84 Â £3.52, Diltiazem MR 60 mgx56 (or over 70yrs), verapamil 40mgx80 Â £1.55. Section 4: Symptoms should be monitored; often AF has no symptoms, however you should look for the common presenting symptoms (stated in section 1). Tests: Heart Rate- Should be done when treating with rate lowering drugs Electrocardiography- every 12months blood electrolytes, urea and creatinine- 1-2 weeks after initiation, and 1-2 weeks after reaching the maintenance dose, then every 6 months. For Beta-blockers, digoxin, amiodarone Monitor blood pressure Liver function tests- every 6months for amiodarone Thyroid function test- when using amiodarone eye examinations- annual eye examinations. Plasma levels- for digoxin, shortly after initiation or after a dose increaee. 0.7and 2.0nanograms per millilitre Drugs to reduce the risk of thromboembolism (warfarin, aspirin and clopidogrel) The target INR for oral anti coagulants is 2-3 usually 2.5. Patients should be considered for warfarin use if risk is perceived to be medium or high according to nice (see appendix)9. It is important that INR be measured daily or alternate days at initiation of treatment. Then at longer intervals depending on dose response up to 12 weeks10. Note the importance of increased monitoring as drugs are added to the regimen, pre-adjustment to warfrin are sometimes necessary e.g. decreasing dose by one or two thirds before initiation of amiodarone1. Section 5: Although systematic reviews have shown that aspirin reduces the rate of stroke by 25%8 The Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin Anticoagulation Study demonstrated a reduction of strokes by 64% per year with warfarin (INR 2.8-4.2), compared with placebo, a 3.5% per year reduction. A non-significant reduction in stroke was seen with aspirin 75mg8. Where warfarin is contraindicated or patient requests not to initiate therapy, it has been found that a combination of antiplatelets (aspirin and clopidogrel) was associated with a significant reduction in major vascular events compared with aspirin alone. The number of people that would need to be treated with aspirin plus clopidogrel for 3.6years to prevent one vascular event was 421. According to a meta-analysis the combination of both aspirin and warfrin yielded no significant reduction in stroke rates and had increased side effects8. No mortality difference was found between rhythm control and rate control. Although for people older than 65years of age or those with coronary artery disease, a significant difference was found in favour of rate control in terms of all-cause mortality. Studies showed significantly higher rates of hospitalisation and adverse events in the rhythm control group and no difference in quality of life between the two groupsa.Incidence of ischaemic stroke, bleeding and systemic embolism was similar in the two groups, but certain malignant dysrhythmias were significantly more likely to occur in the rhythm control groupa. No cognitive decline was seen with the use of rhythm controlling drugs. Quality of life scores were similar in both groups. Therefore it is recommended that rate control, is used as it is less costly11. IA, IC and III drugs are effective in maintaining sinus rhythm but increased adverse effects. Class IA drugs may increase mortality. Calcium antagonists versus digoxin Seven studies found no difference in average heart rate between calcium antagonists verapamil or diltiazem and digoxin either at rest or during periods of normal daily activity. Studies have found calcium antagonists resulted in a lower heart rate during exercise, compared with digoxin2. Beta-blockers versus digoxin Three studies found no difference in average heart rate between digoxin and beta blockers while at rest or during periods of normal daily activity. However, the beta blockers atenolol and labetalol controlled heart rate during exercise more effectively than digoxin did2. Beta-blockers versus calcium antagonists One crossover study found no difference between the calcium antagonist diltiazem and the beta-blocker atenolol in terms of either the mean heart rate over 24 hours or during exercise2. Beta-blockers with digoxin versus beta-blockers One crossover study found no statistically significant differences in heart rate during periods of exercise. Some studies found the beta-blocker atenolol used in combination with digoxin to be associated with a lower heart rate over 24 hours than atenolol alone2. Calcium antagonists with digoxin versus calcium antagonists Four crossover studies found that calcium antagonists diltiazem or verapamil used in combination with Digoxin to be more effective in controlling heart rate over 24 hours, as well as during periods of exercise, than either diltiazem or verapamil alone2. Section 6: Many people whom suffer from AF suffer no symptoms, some have been diagnosed incidentally1. It is in these patients that concordance is a particular issue. Education as to the risks and complications of the condition are necessary to achieve optimum concordance. It is important that patients are aware the side effects (SE) as well as the dosage regimen. Many of the dugs used in the management of AF have common and serious side effects which patients should be trained to spot. Interactions and side effects of note. Further information can be derived from the British National Formulary (BNF) and a comprehensive analysis available in the most current Stockleys drug interaction. Classes of drugs have been mentioned although this does not mean that the entire class will interact Amiodarone Interactions: Anti-arrhythmic (rate and rhythm modulating), Antibiotics, Anti coagulants, Tricyclic antidepressants, mizolastine, thyroid hormones, diuretics and phenytoin10. it is of note that due to its long half life amiodarone may still interact several months after treatment is stopped particularly relevant in the switching over of treatments. Amiodarone reduces the clearance of warfarin, prolonging prothrombin times (PTs) and elevating international normalized ratios (INRs). To avoid bleeding complications, the patient being put on amiodarone must have their current dosage of warfarin reduced by at least one-third and PT and INR closely monitored until they are stabilized15. Although routine eye examinations should occur to asses the ocular effects of amiodarone, if a patient experiences any visual impairment the treatment should be stopped10. Patients should be aware for the signs of thyroid dysfunction (signs and symptoms of which included in appendix 1) Warfarin interactions: Alcohol, amiodarone, propafenone, analgesics, antibiotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, thyroid hormones, ulcer healing drugs, lipid regulating drugs, hormones, corticosteroids Warfarin levels are easily effected by changes in diet, major changes in diet should be done in consultation with healthcare professional, commonly eaten foods that are known to interact with warfarin are cranberry, grapefruit and vitamin K rich foods16. bleed or bruise easily. Also, if you bleed, the bleeding may not stop as quickly as normally. For example, you may have: bleeding gums; nosebleeds; prolonged bleeding from cuts; blood in the urine. Beta blocker interactions: Antiarrhythmics (rhythm and rate modulating), antibiotics, antidepressants, mizolastine, antipsychotics and diuretics. Beta blockers should be avoided in people with asthma, or with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease13, Beta-blockers should not be stopped suddenly unless absolutely necessary; there is a risk of rebound in the condition13. Doses are titrated for patients and are gradually increased10. Digoxin interactions: Antiarrhythmics (rate and rhythm modulating), diuretics, anti biotics and anti epileptics. Signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity are important to report promptly. Digoxin toxicity may cause drowsy, dizzy, and affect your vision, disorientation, confusion, headach or disyurbed vision14. Flecainde interactions: Antiarrhythmics (rate and rhythm modulating), antidepressants, antihistamines, antipsychotics, diuretics and tolterodine Roughly 1% of the general population and 10% of asthma suffers are allergic to aspirin12. Each drug has the potential for interaction with other medication and even food. Self help advice In order to minimise the risk of stroke and heart attacks it is important for patient to receive practical advise on diet as this will impact on blood cholesterol levels, weight management and blood pressure it is of particular importance when the patient is diabetic. Important components in a healthy diet are low fat and salt intakes, with an emphasis on complex carbohydrates found in vegetables. Advice on the sources of esstential fatty acids should be given (for example nuts and oily fish). Smoking cessation counseling and Nicotine replacement therapy should be offered, discussing the statistical significance smoking alone contributes to the Cardio vascular events. Section 7: Pharmacists have contact at various stages along a patients treatment. A specialist PCT pharmacist may manage patients, prescribe, review and monitior. A community pharmacist should attempt medicine use reviews and prepare to make interventions on prescriptions when appropriate. Clinical pharmacists are involved in monitoring and providing guidance on protocols and current evidence. In the future there will be an increased scope for pharmacists to play a larger role when full patient records become available, full clinical reviews may be conducted taking into account the persons history (familial, drug, treatment, condition) and make appropriate interventions and recommendations according to the most current evidence. Section 8: In order for the condition and the services to run effectively is necessary to run audits regularly. This will ensure the national standards are met. Nice guideline audit criteria: All people presenting to primary or secondary care with a hypertension, heart failure, diabetes made or stroke and noted to have an irregular pulse to be offered an ECG and any new diagnosis of AF recorded2. All AF patients in whom a rate-control or rhythm-control strategy is initiated to have their involvement in choosing a treatment strategy recorded2. All patients who are prescribed digoxin as initial monotherapy for rate control to have the reason for this prescription recorded where it is not obvious (e.g. sedentary patient presence of contraindication to alternative agents)2. All patients should be assessed for risk of stroke/thromboembolism and given thromboprophylaxis according to the stroke risk and have this assessment and any antithrombotic therapy recorded2. It is important for pharmacists to keep uodate and maintaining a high levels of competenacy. Advice should be evidence based and current. There are regular updates produced by nice NICE and the Guidelines for atrial fibriliation are a good source of information. Section 9: the National Service Framework for coronary heart disease has a chapter pertains to AF. Arrhythmias are of great importance Cardiac arrhythmia affects more than 700,000 people in England and is consistently in the top ten reasons for hospital admission, using up significant AE time and bed days. AFis the most common arrhythmia, affects up to 1% of the population (rising to 4% in the over 65s) and absorbs almost 1% of the entire budget of the NHS to the NHS16. Of the three quality requirements there are two relevant in AF. Quality requirement one: patient support. People with arrhythmias receive timely and high-quality support and information, based on assessment of their needs16. Markers of good practice People with arrhythmias receive a formal assessment of their support needs and those at significantly increased risk of anxiety, depression or a poor quality of life receive appropriate care16. People with long-term conditions receive support in managing their illness from a named arrhythmia care co-ordinator16. Good quality, timely information about arrhythmic conditions is given by appropriately trained staff16. Quality requirement two: diagnosis and treatment. People presenting with arrhythmias, in both emergency and elective settings, receive timely assessment by an appropriate clinician to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment and rehabilitation16. Markers of Good Practice Initial Treatment All patients receive a hard copy of the ECG documenting their arrhythmia and a copy is placed in their records. Patients who survive out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and patients presenting with pre-excited AF are assessed by a heart rhythm specialist prior to hospital discharge. The following patients are assessed urgently by a heart rhythm specialist: Patients with syncope or any other symptom(s) suggestive of an arrhythmia and a personal history of structural heart disease or a family history of premature sudden death Patients with recurrent syncope associated with palpitations Patients with syncope and pre-excitation Patients with documented 3rd degree AV block (not associated with acute MI) Patients with recurrent syncope in whom a life-threatening cause has not been excluded Patients with documented ventricular tachycardia The following patients are referred to a heart rhythm specialist: Patients with a presumed diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome or asymptomatic pre-excitation Patients with symptomatic regular recurrent supraventricular tachycardia which is unsuccessfully treated with one type of medication or who would prefer not to take long-term medication Patients with recurrent atrial flutter Patients with symptomatic AF despite optimal medical therapy First degree relatives of victims of sudden cardiac death who died below the age of 40 years Patients with recurrent unexplained falls Markers of Good Practice Ongoing Treatment Mechanisms are in place for urgent referral of patients with sustained or compromising arrhythmias for prioritisation of appropriate treatment. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are considered in patients presenting with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and in those without demonstrable arrhythmia but identified as being at high risk. Catheter ablation is considered as the treatment of choice in patients presenting with sustained supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) other than AF, and cardioversion of recent onset AF is considered as early as is clinically safe. Where further hospital treatment is not recommended, a care plan is agreed between the patient, GP and the arrhythmia care team, including follow up and support as required. Management of long term conditions and elderly also have a priority in the governments plans and frameworks for the future. Section 10: Emphasis should be on patient centered care, projects such as near patient testing for warfarin have proved to be effective at managing patients and their potential complications. Primary care workers such as GPs PCT pharmacist should screen at risk patients. They shall be involved in the management of there condition frequently monitor patients. If required a referral can be made on lifestyle issues to manage the risk of stroke, e.g. if lipids are elevated may want to refer to a dietitian. Community pharmacists have a role in conduction medicines use reviews and be prepared to make inventions in prescribing, regimen concordance and side effect management/referral. It is of utmost importance that the specialist (cardiologist) makes clear recommendation and maintains communications with their counterparts in primary care.